| Application/Uses |
Active by contact and ingestion; causes paralysis. Uses For control of pest Lepidoptera (e.g. Ostrinia nubilalis, Helicoverpa zea, Trichoplusia ni, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera spp., Heliothis spp., Pieris rapae, Keiferia lycopersicella, Lobesia botrana), thrips (e.g. Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips palmi), flies (e.g. Liriomyza spp., Ceratitis capitata), beetles (e.g. Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and grasshoppers in cotton, row crops, vegetables, and fruits, at 4.8-36 g/hl. Also used for urban pest control (e.g. Agrotis ipsilon, Spodoptera spp., Parapediasia teterella) in turf and ornamentals, for structural control of drywood termites (e.g. Cryptotermes brevis, Incisitermes snyderi), and for fire ant (Solenopsis spp.) control. Effective as a bait for fruit flies (Ceratitis spp., Bactrocera spp., etc) and some ants (Solenopsis spp.).Under development for use on livestock animals for control of chewing and sucking lice (e.g. Linognathus vituli, Bovicola ovis, Solenopotes capillatus) and flies (e.g. Haematobia irritans, Lucilia cuprina), and in livestock premises for control of nuisance flies (e.g. Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca domestica, H. irritans). |
| ECOTOXICOLOGY |
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >2000 mg/kg. Acute dietary LC50 for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >5156 ppm. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 30, bluegill sunfish 5.9, common carp 5, Japanese carp 3.5, sheepshead minnow 7.9 mg/l. Daphnia EC50 (48 h) 14 ppm. Algae EC50 for Selenastrum capricornutum >105.5, Skeletonema costatum 0.2, Navicula pelliculosa 0.09, Anabaena flos-aquae 8.9 ppm. Other aquatic spp. EC50 (96 h) for Eastern oyster 0.3, grass shrimp >9.76 ppm. EC50 for Lemna gibba 10.6 ppm. Bees Highly toxic to honeybees when sprayed directly; topical LD50 (48 h) 0.0029 mg/bee; residues have little effect once dry. Worms LC50 (14 d) for Eisenia foetida >1000 mg/kg soil. Other beneficial spp. Non-toxic to sucking insects, predacious insects (e.g. ladybirds), lacewings, big-eyed bugs or minute pirate bugs. See also M. Miles & R. Dutton Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Conf. - Pests Dis., 2000, 1, 339. |
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